Which of the following correctly lists the osteokinematic movements?

Osteokinematic movements refer to the movements of bones as they articulate at joints, typically described in the context of anatomical motion. The correct choice encompasses a comprehensive list of these movements that occur in three-dimensional space.

Flexion and extension describe movements that change the angle between body parts, while abduction and adduction refer to movements away from and toward the midline of the body, respectively. Internal rotation and external rotation denote the turning of a limb toward or away from the center of the body. Lastly, axial rotation is specifically concerned with rotational movements around the long axis of the body or limbs.

This comprehensive range of movements depicted in the correct response accurately reflects the various ways in which limbs can move in relation to one another within the three primary planes of motion: sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. It provides a more complete overview of osteokinematic movements compared to the other choices, which either omit essential movements or include terms that do not specifically define osteokinematic actions. Thus, this choice effectively captures the fundamental movements critical for understanding how joints function in biomechanics.